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The Hadhrami sada and the evolution of an Islamic religious international, c.1750s to 1930s (2012)
Book Chapter
Clarence-Smith, W. (2012). The Hadhrami sada and the evolution of an Islamic religious international, c.1750s to 1930s. In A. Green, & V. Viaene (Eds.), Religious internationals in the modern world: globalization and faith communities since 1750 (233-251). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137031716_10

Modern scholars have tended to neglect the role of descendants of the Prophet Muhammad when considering the intricate transnational networks that developed over the centuries in Islam. They have paid more attention to schools of law, sects, mystical... Read More about The Hadhrami sada and the evolution of an Islamic religious international, c.1750s to 1930s.

The Hadhrami sada and the evolution of an Islamic religious international, c.1750s to 1930s (2012)
Book Chapter
Clarence-Smith, W. (2012). The Hadhrami sada and the evolution of an Islamic religious international, c.1750s to 1930s. In A. Green, & V. Viaene (Eds.), Religious internationals in the modern world: globalization and faith communities since 1750 (233-251). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137031716_10

Modern scholars have tended to neglect the role of descendants of the Prophet Muhammad when considering the intricate transnational networks that developed over the centuries in Islam. They have paid more attention to schools of law, sects, mystical... Read More about The Hadhrami sada and the evolution of an Islamic religious international, c.1750s to 1930s.

Grands et petits planteurs de caoutchouc en Afrique, 1934-1973 (2012)
Journal Article
Clarence-Smith, W. (2012). Grands et petits planteurs de caoutchouc en Afrique, 1934-1973. Économie rurale (Paris), 330-31, 88-102. https://doi.org/10.4000/economierurale.3506

In 1933, Africa accounted for only 0.2% of the world’s natural rubber output. However, an international cartel pushed up prices from 1934, without constraining African producers, and large firms transferred technologies from Asia. From 1942 to 1945,... Read More about Grands et petits planteurs de caoutchouc en Afrique, 1934-1973.

Grands et petits planteurs de caoutchouc en Afrique, 1934-1973 (2012)
Journal Article
Clarence-Smith, W. (2012). Grands et petits planteurs de caoutchouc en Afrique, 1934-1973. Économie rurale (Paris), 330-31, 88-102. https://doi.org/10.4000/economierurale.3506

In 1933, Africa accounted for only 0.2% of the world’s natural rubber output. However, an international cartel pushed up prices from 1934, without constraining African producers, and large firms transferred technologies from Asia. From 1942 to 1945,... Read More about Grands et petits planteurs de caoutchouc en Afrique, 1934-1973.