"Captive to the Demonology of the Iranian Mobs": U.S. Foreign Policy and Perceptions of Shi’a Islam During the Iranian Revolution, 1978-79

Biglari, Mattin

Abstract

Making use of recently declassified documents, in this article I examine the U.S. government’s perceptions about Shi’a Islam during the time of the Iranian revolution, 1978–9. I show how lower ranking officials in diplomatic and intelligence circles came to the common conception of Shi’ism as being a uniquely populist religion with an inherent propensity towards revolutionary instability, as demonstrated in its doctrines, rituals and history. These perceptions influenced higher levels of government, including President Carter himself. I then explore how analysts and policymakers conceptualized the religious leadership in Iran, especially Khomeini. I show that although opinion was divided about whether Khomeini represented U.S. interests, the prevailing view was to oppose him because of his populist tendencies empowering the Iranian masses, which senior policymakers had come to see as integral to Shi’ism itself. As a result, I argue, although the wider Cold War context dictated the U.S. government’s attempt to maintain diplomatic relations with the new Iranian regime in 1979, this was to be done without overtures to Khomeini, long before the Hostage Crisis.

Citation

Biglari, M. (2015). "Captive to the Demonology of the Iranian Mobs": U.S. Foreign Policy and Perceptions of Shi’a Islam During the Iranian Revolution, 1978-79. Diplomatic History, 40(4), 579-605. https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhv034

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Jul 31, 2013
• Publication Date: Jul 31, 2015
• Deposit Date: Feb 18, 2023
• Publicly Available Date: Aug 1, 2115
• Journal: Diplomatic History
• Print ISSN: 0145-2096
• Electronic ISSN: 1467-7709
• Publisher: Oxford University Press
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 40
• Issue: 4
• Pages: 579-605
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhv034
• Publisher URL: https://academic.oup.com/dh/article-abstract/40/4/579/1745294