Land‐cover and land‐use change trajectory hopping facilitates estate‐crop expansion into protected forests in Indonesia

Xin, Yu; Sun, Laixiang; Hansen, Matthew C.

Abstract

Protected areas (PAs) have been regarded as a critical strategy to protect natural forest (NF) and biodiversity. Estate‐crop expansion is an important driver of deforestation in Indonesia. Yet, little is known regarding the temporal dynamics of PA effectiveness in preventing estate‐crop expansion into NF. We employ Cox proportional hazard models and their extensions to characterize the dynamics of estate‐crop expansion into NF in Indonesia during 1996–2015. The results show that PA effectiveness in Sumatra decreased over time and became insignificant in 2012–2015. A multistate modeling analysis shows that hopping in land‐cover and land‐use change (LCLUC) trajectories with shrub and/or bare ground as intermediates has decreased PA effectiveness and facilitated the expansion. Preventing LCLUC trajectory hopping becomes crucial to biodiversity conservation because it tends to occur at lowland forest, diminishing natural habitat area and increasing NF isolation.

Citation

Xin, Y., Sun, L., & Hansen, M. C. (2023). Land‐cover and land‐use change trajectory hopping facilitates estate‐crop expansion into protected forests in Indonesia. Conservation Letters, 16(4), Article e12957. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12957

• Journal Article Type: Article
• Acceptance Date: Apr 28, 2023
• Online Publication Date: May 10, 2023
• Publication Date: Aug 1, 2023
• Deposit Date: May 15, 2023
• Publicly Available Date: May 15, 2023
• Journal: Conservation Letters
• Electronic ISSN: 1755-263X
• Publisher: Wiley
• Peer Reviewed: Peer Reviewed
• Volume: 16
• Issue: 4
• Article Number: e12957
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12957
• Keywords: deforestation, estate-crop expansion, Indonesia, multistate modeling, protected area
• Publisher URL: https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/conl.12957